Please open the website on a larger device to use the quick order functionality. Bostik (35) Sika (2). Tel. Spray pelicula cauciucata pentru etansari, Compakt, transparent, 400 ml. 67 inc VAT RRP: £45. 100% Original Product. All laps must be rolled using a heavy metal roller to ensure full lap adhesion. 10. 5 Litre. Product; Read more. The incompatibility may cause discoloration, poorThe viscoelastic properties of the bituminous mastic significantly influence the overall mixture performance. Bostik Bituminous Mastic for Roofs. 88. Bostik Bituminous Black Paint 1L Black - 30812217. Product; Multi-purpose trowel grade bituminous material. Immediately resistant to rainfall and suitable for use on roofing felt, corrugated iron, fibre cement, slate, lead, copper, concrete and timber. Bostik Cementone Plasterers Stabilising Primer 10L £58. This new family brings customers the application breadth, performance and confidence they have come to expect from Bostik. Get to know Bostik Discover ArkemaPaint with a good quality conventional non-bituminous decorative paint system as soon as the surface has formed a good dry skin (normally a few days). Tetapi. 38. It can be used as a water and moisture barrier or as a protection for metal. Back to top. Butyl sealant: Providing smart solutions for both roof and gutter sealing, our butyl mastic products are renowned for their exceptional waterproofing and weatherproofing capabilities. 7. 30812206 - 2. It provides immediate water resistance and when applied as the final layer of a roof repair over waterproofing compounds. If a sheet is cracked: clean, prime and apply a bandage strip of woven glass membrane embedded in Bostik Bituminous Mastic for Roofs. Roof Sealants. Geographic availability. Bostik Bituminous Mastic All Weather Trowel 5L 30618101. If a sheet is cracked: clean, prime and apply a bandage strip of woven glass membrane embedded in Bostik Bituminous Mastic for Roofs. View all: Bostik Specialist Paints. 14. 0 out of 5 stars 1. 5L at the best online prices at eBay! Free delivery for many products. Black in colour. Bostik Flexacryl Instant Repair for Roofs is a flexible roof coating that offers immediate waterproofing on most conventional roof substrates. PLEASE NOTE: Concrete substrate should NOT be smooth and reflective; it must have a concrete surface profile of CSP 1–3 similar to a broomed finish, as defined by ICRI (Guideline No. 6-0. Bostik's Butyl adhesives and sealants are composed of butyl rubber and polyisobutylene. upstands or splits must be made good using Bostik Bituminous Mastic for Roofs. BITUMINOUS BLACK PAINT. Product; ALL WEATHER TROWEL FOR ROOFS. BOSTIK BITUMINOUS MASTIC FOR ROOFS. Regular price €6,95. General purpose, solvent-based. Bituminous Felt Adhesive for Roofs View Product. General purpose trowel grade bitumen mastic. Waterproof. 73 £ 15. Suitable for brush application only. 99Inc Vat. 14. mastic asphalt screeds: Bostik Cempolay Universal Primer neat (for applications up to 5mm max) Underfloor heating systems: Contact Technical Services MIX RATIOS 3. Bostik Bituminous Mastic for Roofs. Weather protection of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, concrete, roofing felt, fibre cement, corrugated iron, asphalt and wood. jpg. 73. Including mastic asphalt, roofing felt, corrugated iron, fibre cement, slates, lead, copper and zinc. Bostik Flashband Self Adhesive Flashing Tape for Roofs is a self-adhesive sealing bitumen strip which bonds instantly to provide a permanent watertight seal in all climates. Bostik Black Bituminous mastic, 1L (4) £ 15. Sa prise initiale ("tack") très élevée permet un maintien immédiat des éléments à. g 'Seal' if looking for Seal N' Flex) in 'Product Name'. Multipurpose trowel/cartridge applied bitumen mastic. Specific gravity 1. Bostik Bituminous Mastic for Roofs dries to a flexible black material which remains soft and pliable for a long time after application. 7. Buy Now Ask Question. Makphalt Mak Elastocryl EMB Acrylic Modified Bituminous Waterproof Coating, Packaging Size: 20 Kg, Black. Find out more about our locations. Bostik Rito All Weather Emergency Repair Sealant is a versatile solvent based sealant for small joints and cracks. 14. Bostik Bituminous Mastic is a multi purpose, trowel grade fibre reinforced mastic. Product description. We Supply. Covers approx. 40 Each quantity Collection Set Store. Ensure area to form lap is completely coated with adhesive and press firmly to expel air when tacky. 30812238 - 450mm x 1 roll. Product; SELF ADHESIVE FLASHING TAPE FOR ROOFS - 10 metre roll. Multipurpose trowel/cartridge applied bitumen mastic. is a solvent borne bitumen solution designed to prepare porous or dusty surfaces before application of Bostik Flashband, especially in damp or cold weather. If the surface is porous, dusty or friable after cleaning or covered with weathered bitumen, prime with Bostik Penetration Primer for Roofs and allow to dry. Discover Bostik. Bostik Flashband Primer Emulsion is a specially designed, structured rubber bitumen emulsion for aiding adhesion of Bostik Flashband to rough or porous building surfaces. Be the First. Bostik Black Roofing waterproofer, 5L Metal container. 11 offers from £9. Regular price €29,95. Several analytical and numerical modelling approaches to predict the mastic properties from its. Our range of mosaic and glass tile adhesives are non-slip, mold and mildew resistant and waterproof once cured. 01 Aquatic Chronic 2 (H410) Full text of H- and EUH-phrases: see section 16 Note: ^ indicates not classified, however, the substance is listed in section 3 as it has an OEL This product does not contain candidate. Bostik Flashband Grey 10m x 225mm (22704) (435) compare. (£5. After curing it provides a tough highly elastomeric, impervious barrier to moisture. 5010591004443. Bostik Powermix Waterproofing ₱ 998. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Bostik Bituminous Bitumen Paint 5l Weatherproof Protection 5litre at the best online prices at eBay! Free delivery for many products!. Bostik Flashband Original Self Adhesive Flashing Tape for Roofs is a self-adhesive sealing bitumen strip which bonds instantly to provide a permanent watertight seal in all climates. Want to know more about Bostik, our history, our values or our strategy? Here you’ll find a wealth of information about us. 99Inc Vat. Butyl sealants provide rebound for joint settlement and movement. There are products that can be used on lead and steel while others are designed for use with as gutter sealants to be used to repair damaged gutters and downpipes. Product overview. per l. Rainproof in 6 hours. Bituminous. Bostik Bituminous Mastic Is A Thick Heavily Bodied, Fibre Filled, Durable Bituminous Mastic. jpg. Model No: £24. Recognised products such as our Dampfix range for interior household waterproofing, our bituminous Black Paint and acrylic Flexacryl products for waterproof roofing repairs and our roller-applied Ultraseal polyurethane are all leading the construction and DIY industry in. Bostik Flashband Self Adhesive Flashing Tape for Roofs is a self-adhesive sealing bitumen strip which bonds instantly to provide a permanent watertight seal in all climates. Anti-moisissures. jpg. Bostik. Acheter maintenant. Silicone sealant is a durable and long-lasting adhesive that works well for many different construction applications. Only. Guarantee - Statutory. (156) Write a review. It can be applied to mastic asphalt, roofing felt, corrugated iron, cast iron, fibre cement, slates, lead, copper, zinc, concrete and timber. 1 Type I and II. Resistant to rainfall immediately. Ideal to protect Felt, Slate, corrugated zinc, Lead and concrete surfaces. Isolation membranes help protect the tile and grout from cracking due to building movement – a normal feature of modern residential construction. Click to enlarge. It can be applied to mastic asphalt, roofing felt, corrugated iron, cast iron, fibre cement, slates, lead, copper, zinc, concrete and timber. Bostik Bituminous Mastic All Weather Trowel 5L 30618101. Bostik Flashband Self Adhesive Flashing Tape for Roofs is a self-adhesive sealing bitumen strip which bonds instantly to provide a permanent watertight seal in all climates. 4. 3. It can be applied onto existing roofs or mastic asphalt, roofing felt, corrugated iron, fibre/cement, slates, lead, copper and zinc 5 Litre. Lead-Free. Our History. Product; Multi-purpose trowel grade bituminous material. It provides immediate water resistance and when applied as the final layer of a roof repair over waterproofing. Descriere produs. 90. (£5. Bostik Bituminous Mastic for Roofs. Bostik Penetration Primer for Roofs is a highly penetrative, thin bituminous solution, black in colour. Product;. Apply the mastic to the surface, and smooth down using a flat or rounded tool. Bostik Bituminous Waterproofer for Roofs is a premium grade, solvent-based bituminous waterproofer for use on all common roofing materials. Sometimes called roofing mastic it is flexible and easy to. Bostik provides adhesive technologies across a wide range of sectors including construction, automotive, aerospace, rail, packaging, tapes, labels, flexible lamination and footwear industries. Product overview. If you don't know the product code, enter a keyword from the product you're after (e. 5L 30811915 4 per carton Bostik Bituminous Mastic for Roofs. This multi-purpose trowel grade bituminous material is perfect for bedding, pointing and sealing. Delivery. Bostik's Butyl adhesives and sealants are composed of butyl rubber and polyisobutylene. 6. Low viscosity liquid. Visit Website (250) 652-4647. 01 Precautionary statements P102 - Keep out of reach of children P210 - Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources. STONE CARE & SEALERS. It can be applied to mastic asphalt, roofing felt, corrugated iron, cast iron, fibre cement, slates, lead, copper, zinc, concrete and timber. Bostik Bituminous Mastic All Weather Trowel 5L 30618101. 14. Peut être peint. Read more. Produsul este utilizat ca masa bituminoasa pentru realizarea de hidroizolatii la cald, reparatii locale, etansari de rosturi si etansarea suplimentara a accesoriilor precum guri de scurgere sau. 91 item 4 Grille Assembly For 01-03 Ford Ranger Painted Black Shell With Emblem Provision Grille Assembly For 01-03 Ford Ranger Painted Black Shell With Emblem. Product overview. Product overview. Rito Bituminous Mastic 2. Bostik Bituminous Mastic is a multi purpose, trowel grade fibre reinforced mastic. Bostik PH . BOSTIK BITUMINOUS MASTIC FOR ROOFS. Bositk’s HYBRI-SIL is an interior and exterior all-weather low-VOC formulated sealant and adhesive that can be used to seal windows, doors, column joints, ducts, roofs and siding. PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS Colour Black Form Low viscosity liquid Specific Gravity 0. Location. IRC Pavement Design Catalogue. BOSTIK Flashband Original. 00 ₱ 500. Contact our experts. Bostik Non Woven Plant: Bostik Egypt Industrial Development Group - E2 6th of October City, Giza, Egypt Phone: +20 2 3828 9100. Tensile strength > 1. Bostik Bituminous Mastic for Roofs is a multi-purpose trowel grade bituminous material for waterproofing, stopping, bedding, pointing and sealing. LuckyJRT . 6. SKU: AH-30811915. Picture Information. 5 Litre 4. 73 £ 15. BITUMINOUS MASTIC FOR ROOFS. Bostik Solvent Free Waterproofer for Roofs provides a long lasting waterproof treatment, under good drying conditions on fibre/cement, roofing felt, mastic asphalt, corrugated iron, slates, tiles, lead, copper and zinc roof surfaces. Contact our experts. Suited to roofing, general plumbing, weather sealing and general purpose sealing. Remove loose screws then re-bed both screws and washers in Bostik Bituminous Mastic for Roofs and tighten. Bostik Penetration Primer for Roofs is a general purpose, highly penetrative, thin bituminous primer. 1. waterproofing paint. 20/Ltr)Use our Mastic & Cold Patch Calculator to estimate the amount of material you will need for your project. För fogar i plåtkonstruktioner där kraven på täthet är höga så som i ventilationskanaler, fläktrum och husvagnar. Bostik provides adhesive technologies across a wide range of sectors including construction, automotive, aerospace, rail, packaging, tapes, labels, flexible lamination and footwear industries. 4. Bostik Flashband Flashing Tape. 1. Product; SELF ADHESIVE FLASHING TAPE FOR ROOFS - 10 metre roll. Skin formation takes approximately 4 to 7 days, depending on environmental conditions. 6kg per square metre. Bostik Bitumuminous Mastic 5Ltr. £ 28. Bituminous Mastic (1) Cement (1) Polymer (1) Powder (1) Brand. Bostik-rito-waterstop-400x300px. Remove loose screws then re-bed both screws and washers in Bostik Bituminous Mastic for Roofs and tighten. Skin contact Wash with soap and water. 08g. Restores faded black limestone. It can be applied onto existing roofs or mastic asphalt, roofing felt, corrugated iron, fibre/cement, slates, lead, copper and zinc. Bostik Brushable Waterproofer for Roofs dries to a tough, black coating. Recommended where the threat of frost or rain prevents. Immediately resistant to rainfall and suitable for use on roofing felt, corrugated iron, fibre cement, slate, lead, copper, concrete and timber. Size : 5L. For Bonding All Types of Roofing Felt. 56 £ 17 . 5 Litre. Bostik Bituminous Felt Adhesive for Roofs should not be used with or over tar based products. 8m²/Ltr. Product; Multi-purpose trowel grade bituminous material. Bostik Bituminous Mastic for Roofs is a multi-purpose trowel grade bituminous material for waterproofing, stopping, bedding, pointing and sealing. BITUMINOUS MASTIC FOR ROOFS. 25 Inc Vat. Bostik Bituminous Black Paint 1L Black - 30812217. 56Bostik Bituminous Mastic for Roofs; Bostik Bituminous Mastic for Roofs. It can be applied to mastic asphalt, roofing felt, corrugated iron, cast iron, fibre cement, slates, lead, copper, zinc, concrete and timber. Bituminous Mastic is a multi-purpose, trowel grade material used for waterproofing, bedding, pointing, sealing and stopping. 99Inc Vat. Certifié SNJF Façade & vitrage. BITUMEN super astar 417 is a trowel-applied, black, heavily-filled bituminous compound with added fibres for reinforcement. Bostik Bituminous Mastic for Roofs is a multi-purpose trowel grade bituminous material for waterproofing, stopping, bedding, pointing and sealing. A multi-purpose trowel grade bitumen mastic Use for waterproofing, bedding, pointing, sealing and stopping. It is recommended that for exposed applications, the mastic be over painted with a non-bituminous paintDiscover Bostik. Pavement Thickness Design Chart for Traffic 1-10 msa. Bostik Brushable Waterproofer for Roofs is a general purpose, solvent-based, bituminous waterproofing compound, suitable for use on all common roofing surfaces. Protect from frost. 3 kg/m2, Aqua Blocker achieves crack. per l. 99Inc Vat. No smoking P260 - Do not breathe mist/vapours/spray P273 - Avoid release to the environment 30810521 – 5ltr. Bostik Flashband Original Self Adhesive Flashing Tape for Roofs is a self-adhesive sealing bitumen strip which bonds instantly to provide a permanent watertight seal in all climates. Product code: 30810529. Bositk’s HYBRI-SIL is an interior and exterior all-weather low-VOC formulated sealant and adhesive that can be used to seal windows, doors, column joints, ducts, roofs and siding. It dries to form a tough, black coating. jpg. Product; SELF ADHESIVE FLASHING TAPE FOR ROOFS - 10 metre roll. BOSTIK Flashband Original. For the construction market Bostik offers the ‘Wall & Floor’ Range with smart products for the professionals. Immediately resistant to rainfall and suitable for use on roofing felt, corrugated iron, fibre cement, slate, lead, copper, concrete and timber. If the surface is porous, dusty or friable after cleaning or covered with weathered bitumen, prime with Bostik Penetration Primer for Roofs and allow to dry. Bostik Bituminous Mastic for Roofs 2. It contains a small percentage of fibrous filler to help bridge cracks. Use for priming concrete roofs, cementitious screeds, renders, bitumen felt and mastic asphalt prior to the application of bituminous materials, such as Brushable Waterproofer. Asphalt. Suitable for using on concrete roofs / floors, render, felt,mastic asphalt tired or weathered bitumen etc…. It can be applied to mastic asphalt, roofing felt, corrugated iron, cast iron, fibre cement, slates, lead, copper, zinc, concrete and timber. Bostik Bituminous Black Paint is a solvent-based protective coating for external waterproofing and weather protection of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, concrete,. Corporate. 5L €39. 45 g/ml Shore A hardness 30 contact with the interface of the joint. Bituminous Felt Adhesive. 30812224. Our innovative Trucolor grout is one of the most color-stable products on the market, and is the perfect grout to use if you’re after that glittery, 3D finish. Add to cart. BITUMINOUS BLACK PAINT. 1000ml. Product overview. 73. Bostik Bituminous Mastic for Roofs is a multi-purpose trowel grade bituminous material for waterproofing, stopping, bedding, pointing and sealing. To avoid thickening and to assist. 5 Litre. Get to know Bostik Discover Arkema. 5. General purpose, solvent-based. Back. All Weather Roofing Compound Bitumen Waterproof Roof Coating 25 Litre. ex. The product forms a surface skin, but the mass below remains soft to allow for moderate movement. No matter what the size or shape of your project, our waterproof sealants are specially formulated to prevent the migrTixophalte Wet is a professional bituminous adhesive and sealant with permanent flexibility providing superior adhesion. 15 incl vat. Not suitable for contact with natural stone i. Waterproof a leaking roof. Safety Data sheet for EVO-STIK Frame Mastic, available at BOSTIK HOTLINE Smart help +44 (0) 1785 272625 . It provides an instant bond providing a watertight seal. Bostik Multi-Purpose Mastic is ready to use for a fast, professional installation and provides excellent vertical grab for large bodied tiles. Our innovative Trucolor grout is one of the most color-stable products on the market, and is the perfect grout to use if you’re after that glittery, 3D finish. Features: Can be used on mastic asphalt, roofing felt, corrugated iron, fibre cement, slate, lead, copper, concrete and timber;Bostik V4 is a one component, non-flowing, neutral cure, low modulus silicone sealant. Product; Read more. Bituminous felt adhesive for roofs. 13. Tel. Top seal and trowel to a smooth finish. It forms a protective self-healing skin on the surface keeping the body of the mastic permanently flexible in order. Product; Protective coating for external waterproofing and weather protection. VAT€45. Read more. Product; Multi-purpose trowel grade bituminous material. Including mastic asphalt, roofing felt, corrugated iron, fibre cement, slates, lead, copper and zinc. Heat-Resistant. Weather protection of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, concrete, roofing felt, fibre cement, corrugated iron, asphalt and wood. This multi-purpose trowel grade bituminous material is perfect for bedding, pointing and sealing. Bituminous Mastic is normally applied with a steel trowel or putty knife over a clean, dry surface. Click & Collect. Bostik Solvent Free Waterproofer for Roofs 5L Black - 30811685. 5. Bostik Bituminous Waterproofer for Roofs is a solvent borne bituminous waterproofing material. Bostik Waterstop. upstands or splits must be made good using Bostik Bituminous Mastic for Roofs. Make sure tiles are fully bedded in the mortar. Ask a question. From jobs around the home to waterproof sealing for foundations, basement damp proofing and swimming pools – we’ve got you covered. £17. It can be applied onto existing roofs or mastic asphalt, roofing felt, corrugated iron, fibre-cement, slates, lead, copper and zinc. Bostik Bituminous Mastic for Roofs dries to a flexible. It contains 60% recycled glass content and is one of the most innovative grout solutions on the market today. Touch-Dry in 6 Hours, Fully Dry in 24 Hours. Product; Protective coating for external waterproofing and weather protection. Bostik Bituminous Mastic 2. Bostik Limited, Common Road, Stafford, ST16 3EH, UK. Unlike those formulated form epoxy resin, Trucolor is an easy-to-apply, pre-mixed product that you can. Bostik-bituminous-felt-adhesive-roofs-400x300px. Bostik Blu Tack Colours Multi Purpose Reusable Adhesive 75G Sticks Better Than Double Sided Tape ₱ 214. Sika BlackSeal - 301 este un mastic bituminos cu continut de solvent, armat cu fibre, pentru etansari si lucrari de reparatie. Because it is glass-filled, it provides a unique aesthetic affect as it lets light pass. Add to Basket. Page 2 of 3 5. Bostik Bituminous Waterproofer for Roofs. Bostik Flashband Self Adhesive Flashing Tape for Roofs is easily applied using hand pressure and a seam roller, with no requirement for special equipment for cutting,. Tixophalte Wet is a plasto-elastic, neutral hardening mastic. In particular, a mastic’s composition and its mechanical properties have been shown to affect its fatigue as well as rutting resistance []. After application it forms a soft plastic elastic rubber by evaporation of solvent from the sealant. Login to save for later ★★★★★ ★★★★★ ( 199 ) Product code: 87635 Bostik Cementone Rapid Setting Cement. It can be brushed straight from the tin onto substrates such as old roofing felt, asphalt, bituminous roof coatings, cement, concrete, lead. 01 Precautionary statements P102 - Keep out of reach of children P210 - Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources. Bostik DIY South Africa Sealants - Powermastik Technical Data Sheet (298. Bituminous Mastic can be used on mastic asphalt, roofing felt, corrugated iron, fibre cement, slate, lead, copper, concrete and timber. There’s absolutely tons of products to choose from in the Roof Sealants category,. According to the mix ratios above, pour clean, cold water into a clean mixing bucket. Item has been added to your cart. Bituminous Mastic. Touch-Dry in 6 Hours, Fully Dry in 24 Hours. Bostik Flashband Self Adhesive Flashing Tape for Roofs is easily applied using hand pressure and a seam roller, with no requirement for special equipment for cutting. Bostik Penetration Primer for Roofs is a general purpose, highly penetrative, thin bituminous primer. Information. Bostik Bituminous Black Paint is a protective coating for external waterproofing and weather protection for use on ferrous and non-ferrous metals, concrete, roofing felt, fibre cement, corrugated iron, asphalt and wood. Bostik Aluminium Solar Protector for Roofs is a bituminous based aluminium protective coating with light and heat reflective properties for use over bituminous coatings, aged asphalt and primed steel. jpg. It can be applied onto existing roofs or mastic asphalt, roofing felt, corrugated iron, fibre/cement, slates, lead, copper and zinc. BOSTIK BITUMINOUS MASTIC 5L Be the first to review this product. Resin modified bituminous mastic in roll form. Bostik Bituminous Mastic for Roofs is a multi-purpose trowel grade bituminous material for waterproofing, stopping, bedding, pointing and sealing. Bostik Flashband 10m. This adhesive technology enables efficient waterproofing and sealing solutions. waterproof coating for common roofing surfaces including mastic asphalt, roofing felt, corrugated iron, fibre cement, slates, lead, copper, tin & zinc - resists extremes of temperature. If a sheet is cracked: clean, prime and apply a bandage strip of woven glass membrane embedded in Bostik Bituminous Mastic for Roofs. Bostik Bituminous Black Paint is a solvent-based protective coating for external waterproofing and weather protection of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, concrete, roofing felt, fibre cement, corrugated iron, asphalt and wood. ABOUT BOSTIK; Our History;Bostik Bituminous Mastic for Roofs is a multi-purpose trowel grade bituminous material for waterproofing, stopping, bedding, pointing and sealing Product Information Bostik bituminous Mastic can be applied to mastic asphalt, roofing felt, corrugated iron, cast iron, fibre cement, slates, lead, copper, zinc, concrete and timber. Bostik Penetration Primer for Roofs is a highly penetrative, thin bituminous solution, black in colour. Will last up to 10 years. 50 + £6. BOSTIK Flashband Original. Product;. Bostik Limited, Common Road, Stafford,. Bostik Bituminous Mastic for Roofs dries to a flexible. View all: Bostik Specialist Paints. It is based on a (thixotropic) high-quality modified bitumen/rubber composition and contains additives, fillers and a non-toxic and non-flammable solvents. Bituminous Mastic is a multi-purpose, trowel grade material used for waterproofing, bedding, pointing, sealing and stopping Features: Can be used on mastic asphalt, roofing felt, corrugated iron, fibre cement, slate, lead, copper, concrete and timber Normally applied with a steel trowel or putty knife over a clean, dryBostik Bituminous Mastic for Roofs 5Lt 538225. Covers 0. Mastic silicone acétique bain & cuisine spécial céramique. Product overview. TDS SDS. Hilcres . Our products are easy to use and will bond to virtually all commonly used substrates. BOSTIK ALL WEATHER TROWEL BITUMINOUS MASTIC Revision date 30-Jan-2020 Supercedes Date: 29-Jan-2020 Revision Number 2. 00. The fibres in Bostik Flexacryl Quick Drying Waterproofer bridge small cracks and enable the coating to flex with changes in temperature.